Diabetes Mellitus is a disease of the Endocrine system associated with pathological changes in the hormone background and malniping metabolic processes.
To date, the disease is not subject to eradication (full liquidation).It is possible to slow down the destructive process in the body through medicines and therapy diets, but it is impossible to stop and start in the opposite direction.
The main symptom of the disease is a chronic increase in blood glucose.The causes and nature of the disease flows vary, so it is divided into several species.
The types of diabetes (SD) determine the world health organization and have no fundamental differences in the entire medical world.Diabetes of any kind do not apply to infectious diseases.
Honeycomb with Pathology
There are several types of diseases united by one main sign - an increased blood glucose concentration.Diabetes typification is the consequence of the cause of its phenomenon.Methods of therapy, gender and age of the patient are also conducted.
Types of diabetes accepted in medicine:
- The first type is insulin-conceived (ISD 1) or minors;
- The second is insulin-dependent (INZD 2) or insulin -resistant;
- Diabetes gestational Mellitus (HSD) in the perinatal period in women;
- Other specific types of diabetes, including:
- Damage to the β-cells of the pancreas on the genetic level (diverse modes-diabetes);
- Pathologies to expand pancreas;
- hereditary and acquired pathology of external excretion glands and their functions (endocrinopathy);
- Pharmacologically caused by diabetes;
- Diabetes as a result of innate infections;
- SD associated with genomic pathologies and hereditary impairments;
- Brickness violation (blood sugar) on an empty stomach and a violation of glucose tolerance.
Before -Dibet is the border conditions of the body, when the level of glycemia changes (glucose tolerance is disturbed), however, blood sugar indicators "do not reach" generally accepted digital values corresponding to true diabetes.According to the World Health Organization (WHO 2014), more than 90% of the patient endocrinologist suffers from another type of disease.
According to medical statistics, the tendency to increase the number of sick people is clearly monitored around the world.In the last 20 years, the number of diabetics of type 2 doubled.GSD makes about 5% of pregnancy.The types of specific diabetes are extremely rare and occupying a small percentage in medical statistics.
In terms of gender belonging INZSD 2, it is more common in women in the prelimetional period and during menopause.This is due to the change of hormonal status and the expensive additional pounds.In men, the factor of development of type 2 diabetes is the most common chronic inflammation of pancreas, due to the toxic effects of ethanol.
Insulin-semen Diabetes (1 Type)
Type 1 diabetes characterizes the inability of the pancreatic cell.The body does not perform their endocrine (introkrional) function for insulin production - a hormone responsible for supplying bodies with glucose.As a result of blood glucose accumulation, the bodies do not receive full diet, including the pancreas itself.
In order to simulate the natural production of endocrine hormones, the patient prescribed by the injections of medical insulin with various temporary durations (short and debt), as well as dietary therapy.The classification of the diabetes of the first type is dictated by various Etiology of the disease.Insulin-planning type of disease has two causes: genetic and autoimmune.
Genetic reason
The formation of pathology is associated with the biological characteristic of the human body to transfer its characteristic characteristics and pathological deviations to subsequent generations.As for diabetes, the child inherits the predisposition of the disease from parents or close relatives who suffer from diabetes.
Important!The predisposition is inherited, but not the disease itself.100% Diabetes Development Guarantee has no child.
Autoimmune Reason
The emergence of diseases was created due to the functional failure of the immune system, when, influenced by negative factors actively creates antibodies that destroy the body cells.Triggers (incentives) are used to run autoimmune processes:
- unhealthy food behavior in combination with hypodynamia;
- Metabolic failure (carbohydrate, lipid and protein);
- Critical Lack of Body Cholegalciferol and ErgoCalciferol (Group D Vitamins);
- PANCRATIC PATHOLOGY OF CHRONIC NATURE;
- Presence in anamnesis of epidemic cubes (pig), measles, herpes koksaki virus, virus Epstein-Barra, Citomegalovirus, viral hepatitis A, B, C;
- distress (extended stay in a state of neuropsychological stress);
- Chronic alcoholism;
- Irregular treatment by hormone-rehabilitation drugs.
ISSD is formed in children, adolescents and adults who did not reach the age of thirty.Children's version of Development Diabetes Form 1A is associated with complicated viral infections.Form 1b occurs in young and children on the background of autoimmune processes and hereditary predisposition.The disease is generally developed in forced regime for several weeks or months.
Insulin -Resistant diabetes (type 2)
The difference between the other type of diabetes Mellitus and is the first to stop the pancreas without stopping insulin synthesis.Glucose is concentrated in the blood and does not ship in cells and body tissues due to lack of sensitivity to insulin - insulin resistance.To a certain point, treatment is carried out through hypoglycemic (sugar) medications and therapy diets.
To compensate the imbalance in the body, the pancreas activates the production of hormones.Work in emergency mode, the body is more spent and loses intra -regional function.Type 2 diabetes transitions into an insulin-census form.The reduction or loss of cell sensitivity to endogenous hormones are primarily related to obesity in which fat and carbohydrate metabolism disrupts.
This is especially true of visceral obesity (deposition of fat around internal organs).In addition, with excess body weight is difficult due to the numerous cholesterol plates inside the vessel, which are formed with hyperholisteremia, which always monitors obesity.Body cells, therefore, experience a lack of diet and energy resources.Other factors that influence the development of INZSD include:
- Alcohol abuse;
- Gastronomic dependence on sweet dishes;
- Chronic pancreas diseases;
- heart pathology and vascular system;
- Inappropriately in food with the background of a sitting lifestyle;
- Incorrect hormone therapy;
- Complicated pregnancy;
- Non-functional heredity (diabetes in his parents);
- Distress.
The most common disease develops in women and men of age category 40+.In this case, the diabetes of other types are in nature and cannot show expressed symptoms for several years.Timely blood glucose testing can detect pre -antiabet.With adequate therapy, the antiabetic condition is reversible.If time is lost, progresses and then diagnosed inzsd.
Lada Diabetes
In medicine there is a term "diabetes 1.5" or the name of Lada Diabetes.This is an autoimmune violation of hormone production and metabolism failure that occur in adults (aged 25).The disease combines first and other varieties of diabetes.The development mechanism corresponds to ISD, the latent exchange rate and the event manifestation is similar to INZSD.
Treaders for the development of pathology are autoimmune diseases in patient history:
- non-infectious inflammation of interfaced joints (spondylitis anchillosis);
- non-refundable disease of the central nervous system - multiple sclerosis;
- Granulomatous inflammatory pathology of gastrointestinal tract (Crohn's disease);
- Chronic thyroid inflammation (Hashimoto Thyiditis);
- Juvenile and rheumatoid arthritis;
- Color change (loss of pigment) of the skin (vitiligo);
- inflammatory pathology of the colonical mucosa (ulcerative colitis);
- Chronic damage to connective tissue and gland of external excretion (SHEGREN syndrome).
In combination with hereditary predisposition, autoimmune disorders lead to the advancement of LADA-DIABETES.To identify the disease, basic diagnostic methods, as well as blood microscopies, determines the concentration of Igg immunoglobulin class (immuno-function).Therapy is done through regular injections of insulin and dietary corrections.
Gestational form of illness
GSD is a specific type of diabetes developing in women in the second half of the perinatal period.The disease is most often revealed during the second planned screening, when the Mother's Mother passes in full examination.The main characteristic of the GSD coincides with type 2 diabetes - this is an insulin resistance.Pregnant Body Stations Loss Touch (Sensitivity) on Insulin Due to Correlation Three Main Reason:
- Hormone restructuring.During the gestation period, the synthesis of progesterone (steroid sex hormone) which blocks insulin production increases.In addition, the endocrine hormones of placens receive strength, which have the property of insulin production inhibition.
- A doubled load on the woman's body.To ensure a full diet of an unborn child, the body requires an increased amount of glucose.The woman begins to use more monosaccharides, forcing pancreas to synthesize more insulin.
- Increasing body weight from reducing physical activity.Glucose, accumulating in the body, accumulated in the blood, because cells refuse to perceive insulin because of obesity and hypodynamia.The expected mother and fruits in such a situation are insufficient in nutrients and energy hunger.
Unlike the first and other type, gestational diabetes is a reversible process, as insulin molecules and functional capabilities are preserved.
Properly selected therapeutic tactics guarantees the elimination of pathology after delivery in 85% of cases.The main method of treatment of GDC is a Diabetics Diet "Table 9".Medical insulin injections are used in severe cases.Sahabro-winning medications are not used because of their teratogenic effects on the fruit.
Additionally
Specific types of diabetes are genetically determined (modes-diabetes, some types of endocrinopathy) or cause other chronic pathologies:
- Pancreas diseases: pancreatitis, hemochromatosis, tumor, cystic fibrosis, mechanical injuries and gland surgery;
- Functional fault of the front lobe of the pituitary (acromegaly);
- Increased synthesis of thyroid hormone (thyrotoxicosis);
- Hypothalamic-pitophys-adultery (iceco-cuca syndrome);
- The adrenal cortex tumors (aldosteritar, feochromocytoma, etc.).
Separate diabetic pathology - non-shagal diabetes is characterized by a reduction in the production of hormones of the Hormone of the Hormone Vasoprina, which regulates the balance of liquid in the body.
Diagnostic measures
Diabetes diagnosis (any type) diagnosis is possible only based on the results of the Laboratory Microscopy of Blood.The diagnosis consists of several consistent studies spent:
- General clinical test of blood to identify hidden inflammatory processes in the body.
- Blood test (capillary or venous) for glucose content.It is produced strictly on an empty stomach.
- GTT (glucosotolorant test).It is performed to determine the body's ability to absorb glucose.Tolerance test is two-time blood fence: on an empty stomach and two hours after the "glucostastrol load", whose role is aqueous glucose solution prepared in a ratio of 200 ml of water for 75 grams.Substance.
- HbA1c Analysis on the level of glycosylane (glycosylated) hemoglobin.Based on the results of the study, blood sugar retrospective is evaluated in the last three months.
- Blood biochemistry.Indicators of liver enzymes AspartateMinotransferase (AST), Alanineine-Orgrace (ALT), Alpha-Amilaza, Alkaline phosphate (SCF), Bilirubin, cholesterol levels are evaluated.
- The blood test for antiboxyla concentration on glutamatecarboxylase specifies the type of diabetes.
Reference values of abolishing sugar and disease indicators
| Analysis | Sugar | Gluczotolerant test | Glycatani hemoglobin |
|---|---|---|---|
| norm | 3.3 - 5.5 | <7.8 | ⩽ 6% |
| Prediabet | 5.6 - 6.9 | 7.8 - 11.0 | From 6 to 6.4% |
| diabetes | >7.1 | >11.1 | More than 6.5% |
In addition to blood microscopy, the general analysis of urine for the presence of glucose in urine (glycosuria) is investigated.In healthy people there is no urine sugar (for diabetic, 0.061 - 0.083 mmol / l is considered a permitted norm).A sample of the reference for the identification of albumin protein in the urine and exchange of creatinine protein was performed.In addition, hardware diagnosis is prescribed, including the ECG (electrocardiogram) and the ultrasound of the abdominal cavity (with kidneys).
Scores
Modern medicine classifies diabetes according to four basic types, depending on the pathogenesis (origin and development), the type of insulin (INZD 2 type), specific (diabetes includes several types of diseases due to genetic deficiency or chronic pathology).Accelerated diabetes formed in the perinatal period are cure.Condition Pre - Diabetes (glucose tolerance violation) is considered a reversible basis for an early diagnosis.